1. Transmission electron Microscope (TEM, JEOL),

2. Atomic force microscope (AFM)

3. ICP-OES

4. Powder X-ray diffractometer (PXRD, D8 Bruker)

5. Electrochemical workstations (Autolab-302, CHI-660D, Autolab 204N RRDE for electrochemical measurements)

6. UV-visible spectroscopy

7. Raman spectroscopy

8. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

9. Photo luminescence (PL)1.  

Synthesis Techniques:   

1. Electro deposition techniques

2.       Hydrothermal/Solvothermal

3.       Solid-state synthesis technique

4.    Thin film coating through spinning machine, drop-casting, and electrodeposition

5.       Chemical vapor deposition

6.       Reflux method of synthesis